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慢性伤口(chronic wounds)是接受超过四周的治疗,不能愈合、也无愈合倾向的伤口[1]。它的特征是容易反复感染、久治不愈,还会导致很高的发病率和死亡率[2]。近几年有关细菌生物膜在慢性伤口形成中的作用引起了人们关注,有相当多的报告表明,细菌生物膜存在于慢性创面,是阻碍愈合过程的一个重要因素,是治疗感染一个主要问题[3-5]。目前临床上多使用抗生素治疗细菌生物膜感染。抗生素对浮游细菌有强大的杀灭能力,但对于存在于慢性伤口的生物膜,即使长期使用抗生素,也可能不能被完全清除。这是因为生物膜(biofilm)是细菌在生长过程中附着于非生物或生物表面的被细菌自身产生的多聚基质包裹的菌细胞群[6]。作为特殊的生长方式它可保护细菌抵抗抗菌药物的作用,形成特异性和非特异性的耐药性[7]。这使得慢性伤口感染治疗成本急剧增加,因此,急需找到一种高效灭活生物膜细菌的方法,这对伤口感染治疗和慢性伤口愈合具有重大意义。
等离子体放电可产生电离气体、分子、带电粒子、负离子/正离子、电子、光子和自由基组等活性组分[8],因为高效、快速、无污染、可直接作用于人体等优点,被越来越多地被应用于医疗灭菌和消毒研究中。其中活性氧和活性氮被认为在灭菌工作中起主导作用。感染的慢性伤口通常被生物膜和渗出组织液覆盖,有限的穿透力使等离子诱导产生的活性物质极难穿透渗出组织液与细菌生物膜充分接触,这可能极大地限制了等离子体在慢性伤口治疗中的应用。根据最新的报道,除了气态等离子体具有抗菌作用外,由等离子体诱导产生的活化水也能有效失活多种细菌、生物膜[9-11]。与直接等离子处理相比,溶液的均匀性和流体的良好流动性使得活化水中活性组分均匀覆盖于受感染伤口生物膜上,同时,活化水还可以避免电流和紫外线辐射,而且操作方便,利于临床使用。
金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜是自然界、住院病房和人体内最常见的革兰氏阳性病原菌之一[12-13],特别是在人体皮肤伤口上容易形成金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜。本研究以金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜为模型,研究了活化水对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的失活效果。通过细胞代谢能力、细胞内活性氧含量等生物学效应测定和长寿命活性组分含量检测,探讨了活化水的杀菌机理,以期为有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的感染提供有价值的参考。
等离子体活化水灭活金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜
Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm byplasma-activated water
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摘要: 利用大气压空气等离子体诱导生成的活化水(PAW)对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜的失活效果和机制开展研究。采用菌落形成单位方法对生物膜失活效果进行了评价;采用刃天青荧光染色方法研究了细胞的新陈代谢能力;采用H2- DCFDA荧光染色法检测了细胞内活性氧的浓度;采用分光光度法检测了活化水中具有代表性长寿命活性组分浓度。结果表明,60 min产生的活化水浸泡30 min后,菌落形成单位从107.4减少到102.6;生物膜中约70%的细菌丧失了新陈代谢能力;活化水处理后,生物膜细菌胞内活性氧(ROS)的浓度有明显升高趋势;随着等离子体处理时间的延长,活性基团H2O2、NO2-、O3的浓度均有不同幅度地提高。综合以上分析,等离子体活化水具有良好的灭菌效果,而且活化水中积累的大量活性基团与细胞内ROS协同作用可能是生物膜失活的主要原因。
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关键词:
- 等离子体活化水 /
- 生物膜失活 /
- 金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜
Abstract: The deactivation effect and antimicrobial mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by the plasma activated water (PAW) induced by atmospheric pressure air plasma were studied. The colony forming units (CFU) method was used to estimate the deactivation effect of biofilm, and the resazurin fluorescence staining method was used to study the metabolic rate of cells. The intracellular reactive oxygen and concentration of representative long-life active components in plasma activated water were detected by H2-DCFDA fluorescence staining and spectrophotometry, respectively. The results showed that after 30 minutes immersion in activated water generated in 60 minutes, the number of CFU decreased from 107.4 to 102.6, about 70% bacteria in the biofilm lose their metabolism. The concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biofilm significantly increased after plasma activated water treatment. With the extension of plasma treating time, the concentrations of H2O2, NO2- and O3 in plasma activated water increased in varying degrees. Based on the above analysis, the plasma activated water has a good sterilization performance, and the synergistic effect of a large number of active groups accumulated in activated water and intracellular ROS may be the main reason for biofilm inactivation. -
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