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近十几年来,随着水产、养殖、医药等行业的迅速发展,我国的水体环境污染状况日趋严重。污染水体由最初的生活污水、工业废水衍变为地表水、地下水等在全国范围内的污染。在水污染治理技术中,膜技术由于其高效、环保的特点被广范应用。在膜技术处理废水的过程中,通过调节膜的孔径、表面结构等组装不同孔径的膜组件系列装置,可广泛用在炼油废水、印染废水及生活污水等的治理中[1-3]。但膜污染问题是限制膜技术广泛使用的瓶颈之一。膜污染导致膜的使用周期变短,清洗频率增高,大大提升了膜处理废水时的运行成本[4-6]。因此,在治理废水的过程中,如何有效减缓膜污染并节约能耗是当今膜技术研究的热点方向。
微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)是一种新型的水处理技术[7-9]。该技术利用细菌的胞外电子传递机制,MFC的阳极厌氧细菌可将污水中氧化有机物时产生的电子释放出来,流经外接电路传递到阴极,在阴极与电子受体(多为O2)结合产生水,形成持续的电子回路,从而将污水中有机物的化学能转化为电能,进行能源回收。据研究报道,ZHANG等[10]将2个4 L的U型MFC用在城镇污水处理示范性工程中,结果表明,在水力停留时间为11 h时,MFC对COD的去除率达到0.2 kg·m−3,此时产生的电流密度为9 A·m−3。GE等[11]将200 L的MFC用在城镇污水处理过程中,最高产能达到0.009 kWh·m−3。但MFC单独处理污水时仅依靠细菌的降解作用,缺乏后续的深度处理技术,故其出水的水质通常较差,难以达到理想的处理效果。
将MFC与膜技术联用可以实现多重优势[12-14]。首先,膜过滤可以提升MFC处理污水后的出水水质,提升污水处理的整体效率;其次,MFC中电子和质子的定向移动会产生微电场,可以有效地减缓细菌代谢产物等向膜表面的附着,缓解膜污染。所以,将MFC与膜技术联用是一种集高效、节能为一体的污水处理技术。
电催化膜的研发是实现MFC与膜技术联用的关键技术之一[15]。在水处理过程中,电催化膜由于兼具导电和过滤作用,可同时充当MFC的阴极及过滤膜。污染物在经MFC分解后,再经过膜过滤,实现高效的污染物处理效率;并且,在此过程中可以将污水中的能源经MFC转化为电能,实现节能减排。在电催化膜上负载催化剂(如石墨烯、碳纳米管、过渡金属氧化物、聚苯胺等)可以有效提高MFC在污水处理中的产能效果[15-17]。
本研究将聚吡咯(polypyrrole,PPy)、碳纤维布和聚偏氟乙烯(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF)膜复合,制备出PPy-PVDF/碳纤维催化膜(PPy-PVDF/碳纤维膜),研究了PPy对PVDF/碳纤维膜催化活性和抗污染性能的影响,并探究了PPy-PVDF/碳纤维膜在MFC-电催化膜反应器中的污染物去除效率和产能效果。
MFC-电催化膜反应器中PPy-PVDF/碳纤维膜的污水处理性能
Performance of polypyrrole-PVDF/carbon fiber cloth composite membrane in a MFC-electrocatalytic membrane coupled reactor on wastewater treatment
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摘要: 为解决膜分离技术在水处理中存在膜污染和高能耗的问题,通过电氧化聚合法将聚吡咯(polypyrrole,PPy)沉积在PVDF/碳纤维膜上,制备高活性的PPy-PVDF/碳纤维膜;研究不同沉积时间对电催化膜催化活性的影响及微电场环境对PPy-PVDF/碳纤维膜污染的影响;并构建MFC-电催化膜反应器,测试反应器在处理污水时的产能效果。结果表明,恒电位(0.8 V)聚合10 min时,PPy10-PVDF/碳纤维膜的催化活性最高,PPy的最佳沉积密度为0.75 mg·cm−2。抗污染通量测试结果表明,在0.4 V·cm−1的微电场下,PPy10-PVDF/碳纤维膜的稳定通量(317 L·(m2·h)−1)比无电场时(212 L·(m2·h)−1)提高了约49.5%,说明MFC-电催化膜反应器中的微电场可以有效减缓膜污染。在MFC-电催化膜处理污水的过程中,反应器对COD去除率高达96%以上;反应器产能最大功率密度为166 mW·m−3,与空白PVDF/碳纤维膜(产能密度为99 mW·m−3)相比提高了约67%。PPy10-PVDF/碳纤维膜在MFC-电催化膜反应器表现出较高的污染物去除率、能源回收效率及对膜污染的有效控制。Abstract: In order to solve the problems of membrane fouling and high energy consumption for membrane separation technology, through elctropolymerization of pyrrole monomer and deposition of polypyrrole (PPy) on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/carbon fiber cloth membrane, the high active PPy-PVDF/carbon fiber cloth composite membrane was prepared. The effect of deposition time on the catalytic activity of electrocatalytic membrane as well as the effect of micro-electric field on the fouling of PPy-PVDF/carbon fiber cloth composite membrane was studied. Then the as-prepared PPy-PVDF/carbon fiber cloth composite membrane was further used in microbial fuel cell (MFC)-electrocatalytic membrane coupled reactor to treat wastewater. The results showed the PPy10-PVDF/carbon fiber cloth composite membrane had the highest catalytic activity at the polymerization time of 10 min and the constant potential of 0.8 V, and the optimized deposition density of PPy was 0.75 mg·cm−2. The anti-fouling test of PPy10-PVDF/carbon cloth composite membrane indicated that the stable flux of the composite membrane was 317 L·(m2·h)−1 at a micro-electric field of −0.4 V·cm−1, which was 49.5% higher than that without electric field (212 L·(m2·h)−1). When MFC-electrocatalytic membrane coupled reactor was used to treat the wastewater, its chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate was above 96%, and its maximum power density was 166 mW·m−3, which was approximately 67% higher than that of blank PVDF/carbon cloth membrane (99 mW·m−3). The results indicated the PPy10-PVDF/carbon cloth composite membrane in MFC-electrocatalytic membrane coupled reactor showed an excellent performance in the aspects of contaminants removal, energy recovery and membrane fouling control.
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Key words:
- polypyrrole /
- electrocatalytic membrane /
- microbial fuel cell /
- wastewater treatment
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表 1 不同电氧化聚合时间下PPy在PVDF/碳纤维膜的沉积密度
Table 1. Deposition densities of PPy on PVDF/carbon fiber cloth membrane at different electro-oxidative polymerization time
聚合时间/min 沉积密度/(mg·cm−2) 标准偏差 5 0.24 5.7 10 0.75 4.2 15 0.91 7.8 -
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