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19世纪以来,集中式污水收集与处理体制得到广泛应用,在削减污染排放方面成效巨大,但是,污水处理设施往往在城市河道下游集中建设,以污染物减排为主,污水回用困难,再生利用率低,能源消耗高,加剧了有限资源的消耗[1]。同时,集中式污水处理系统依赖庞大的管网系统,一般城市排水管网投资占据污水处理厂的基建和配套管网总投资的70%以上,考虑到城市地形与规划、运行与维护等因素,整体费用非常昂贵[2]。
近年来,源分离的理念逐渐普及,根据不同的污染程度,生活污水可分为灰水、黑水、黄水与褐水[3]。其中,灰水的污染物浓度低,采用物化、生物和生态处理工艺都能达到USEPA的室外用水标准,采用多级膜过滤甚至可以满足室内杂用水标准[4-5];黑水的有机物含量和氮磷等浓度高,通过厌氧处理产沼气是实现资源化的一种重要途径[6-7];餐厨垃圾的有机质比例占干物质95%以上[8-9],其中,产气能力以蛋白质、油脂类为主,极具能源回收潜力[10]。当前,灰水或黑水的处理和资源化技术渐趋成熟[11-13],已有不少生活污水源分离处理的工程实施案例,主要以小型社区和单建筑物为主,实现污水源分离、分类处理及水和固体废物资源化[14]。
基于污水源分离的半集中式分质供排水与资源化系统,其规模介于传统的集中式系统与分散式处理系统之间[15],在一定区域内分别收集和处理灰水、黑水以及污泥与城市有机质,产生再生水和沼气,实现资源化和能源化;其建设规模、处理设施的模块化建设模式,尤其适应于快速发展的城镇化区域。本研究以某半集中式分质供排水处理和资源化工程为例,从生产性实验和应用等角度探讨了其在源分离污水的处理、回用及资源化方面的技术可行性。
半集中式分质供排水和资源化系统的集成应用
Full-scale application of semi-centralized wastewater treatment and resource recovery system
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摘要: 针对传统生活污水处理的再生水难以有效回用的问题,采用源分离式半集中式分质供排水和资源化体系处理生活污水,并对实际工程案例的进行了长期监测,探讨了其在污染物去除、污水再生利用以及污泥资源化等方面的效果。结果表明:即使灰水和黑水管道存在一定混接现象,但是灰水和黑水处理模块的COD去除率均超过90%,出水COD分别为10~30 mg·L-1和10~40 mg·L-1;灰水处理模块的TN去除率达到95%,最低小于5 mg·L-1;黑水的TN去除率保持70%~90%,出水水质均可满足回用要求并已用于周边区域;厌氧消化系统1 m3生污泥的产气量达到7.27~10.91 m3,甲烷含量达到70%,有机物的降解率30%~50%;投加糖蜜后,单位产气量提高了1倍,有机物的降解率平均提高10%。消化污泥经过脱水后除总汞指标略高外,各主要指标均满足污泥农用中A级污泥标准。基于生活污水源分离的半集中式处理系统,可以对污水、污泥进行有效处理,并就近利用再生水、污泥和沼气。Abstract: Due to the difficulty in effectively recycling the reclaimed water from traditional centralized domestic wastewater treatment plant, a novel semi-centralized wastewater treatment and resource recovery project based on domestic wastewater source separation was constructed, and a long-term investigation of its performance on pollutants removal, reclaimed water recycling and sludge resourcing was investigated during its continuous operating. The results showed that the COD removal rates of graywater and blackwater treatment units were higher than 90%, and COD in their effluents were 10~30 mg·L-1 and 10~40 mg·L-1, respectively, although there were some misconnections between graywater and blackwater pipes. TN removal rate of graywater treatment unit reached 95%, and the lowest TN value in effluent was below 5 mg·L-1. Due to the varying influent loadings, the TN removal rate of blackwater treatment unit fluctuated between 70%~90%, but the effluent could still meet the reusing standard. The reclaimed water from both two treatment units were used in greenbelt, washing and toilet flushing in nearby regions. The gas production rates of 1 m3 raw sludge reached 7.27~10.91 m3 with the methane content of over 70%, and the removal rate of volatile solid (VS) varied from 30% to 50%. When molasses was added to perform co-digestion with sludge, the gas production was doubled and the average removal rate of VS increased by 10%. The main indicators of dewatered sludge of anaerobic digestion unit could satisfy the level A of agriculture standard, except for the total mercury content was slightly higher than the standard; the dewatered sludge was collected by neighborhood farmers for gardening and landscaping lands. In a word, the semi-centralized treatment system had good performances on wastewater and sludge treatment, reuse and resource.
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Key words:
- source separation /
- semi-centralized /
- greywater /
- blackwater /
- anaerobic digestion
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表 1 灰水的设计进水与实际进水指标
Table 1. Comparison of designed influent qualities and real concentration of greywater
mg·L-1 污染指标 设计进水浓度 实际进水浓度 COD 206 547.11±228.91 SS 171 394.65±242.81 TN 5 59.37±11.74 TP 3 6.33±1.75 注:实际的灰水进水浓度来自2017年11月—2018年6月的测定结果。 表 2 黑水的设计进水与实测进水水质比较
Table 2. Comparison of designed influent quality and real concentration of blackwater treatment unit
mg·L-1 污染指标 设计进水浓度 实际进水浓度 COD 1 290 1 023.68±224.63 SS 805 503.43±104.99 TN 162 131.97±11.04 TP 21 12.72±2.70 注:实际的黑水进水浓度来自2017年11月—2018年6月的测定结果。 表 3 厌氧消化后脱水污泥的成分检测结果
Table 3. Main components of dewatered anaerobic digested sludge
检测结果与标准 总砷/(mg·kg-1) 总镉/(mg·kg-1) 总铬/(mg·kg-1) 总铜/(mg·kg-1) 总汞/(mg·kg-1) 总镍/(mg·kg-1) 总铅/(mg·kg-1) 总锌/(mg·kg-1) 有机质/(g·kg-1) 氮磷钾/(g·kg-1) 蛔虫卵死亡率/% 粪大肠菌群值 pH 检测结果 16.16±3.08 1.50±0.60 207.40±60.49 184.60±75.78 5.01±1.48 53.62±10.29 31.62±6.79 775.20±67.20 554.84±18.33 120.10±32.32 100(中温) > 1.11 (高温)
< 0.000 4 (中温)7.43±0.12 农用A级标准1) 30 3 500 500 3 100 300 1 500 ≥200 ≥30 ≥95 ≥0.01 5.5~9 农用B级标准1) 75 15 1 500 1 500 15 200 1 000 3 000 ≥200 ≥30 ≥95 ≥0.01 5.5~9 注:1)农用污泥标准(CJ/T 309-2009)[22];表中数据为多月检测统计而得。 表 4 黑水进水组分分析
Table 4. Components of the influent of blackwater treatment unit
mg·L-1 黑水组分 平均值 SS 515±103 TN 122±8 TP 12.1±1.4 pH 8.00±0.13 tCOD 733±69 sCOD 149±18 cCOD 205±30 pCOD 378±49 注:以上数据来自黑水调节池出水。 -
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